In conjunction with this book, Xu Youzhi has actually published a new book, The Changing Meanings of Some Words in the Dictionary Mother-in-law and Daughter-in-law, to remind contemporary literati not to read ancient texts and interpret the meaning from the text.
For example, the pre-Qin Confucians talked about the gentleman and the villain. A gentleman is the legitimate son of a serious monarch, and by extension, the eldest son of a major family. The villain corresponds to the concubine or legitimate second son who has no right to inherit the title. Bring this sentence to understand that women and villains are difficult to raise, and you can understand it smoothly. Otherwise, why would a gentleman want to raise a woman and a villain? Why would he still complain that it is difficult to raise a child? Monk Zhang Er would be confused.
The evolution of semantics will naturally make people understand that what everyone calls Confucianism is actually just Confucianism in their own minds. It is already far away from the Confucianism of the sages in terms of literal understanding from the very beginning.
After Confucianism, there is naturally Mohism. After all, the pre-Qin people were two enemies.
The Confucianist Wu Mazi accurately stated that the basis of the Confucian etiquette system is blood relationship, which is the differential order of blood relationship. It is also called love with equal differences. In contrast, the Mohist family loved the world.
The Mohists believe that the ritual system itself, which determines rituals based on blood, is the source of cholera in the world. When we cannot love the world universally, we cannot guarantee that everyone is loved. This seems absurd at first glance, but actually correct upon closer inspection. Because it is impossible for a person to be the direct descendant in all situations and have the closer bloodline. So if a person suffers a loss in the process of comparing bloodlines, he can definitely win over someone with a more powerful bloodline to help him regain his position.
Due to different things, its master is not unique, so the strongest bloodline is also not unique. A strong bloodline runs rampant in its own domain until it encounters a stronger one. This is the source of cholera.
From this point of view, the Mohist world view is open. Because without openness, universal love is meaningless. When the world is a competition between stocks, whoever loves both will suffer. Universal love requires incremental benefits as a coordination tool. In terms of epistemology, anyone who is normal should be able to understand the world. The purpose is to bring benefit to the world and eliminate harm to the world. In terms of means and methods, it is self-reliance, mutual help and mutual benefit, hoeing the strong and supporting the weak. In terms of signal, it is to oppose war, because war will destroy the old social environment required for universal love, and then destroy This is the natural evolution of society. Universal love does not presuppose benevolence and righteousness. Even unkindness and injustice can give birth to universal love. In long-term multiple games, the universal love group will naturally win. But war will disrupt the chain of the game, making universal love uneconomical and making war shorter and faster. Mutual love is the prerequisite for solving problems, otherwise it is the person who handles conflicts and solves suspected problems. Without mutual love, conflicts will continue, and people with conflicts will be endless, and it will naturally be a matter of fate.
In short, people in Mohism are more consistent and everyone is equal under destiny. In a peaceful long-term game relationship, mutual love will naturally arise. He was the first among the pre-Qin scholars to realize the unity of morality and interests. To sum up, Mohism is the upper right knowledge, which is in sharp contrast to the lower left of Pre-Qin Confucianism.
Love each other and benefit each other. If there is anything else in the Mo family,What was ignored in the pre-Ming Dynasty was that the morality of mutual love must be consistent with the interests of mutual benefit. That is the consistency of morality and interests. Furthermore, new interests require new morals. When morality or etiquette is inconsistent with interests, the world will naturally be in chaos. This just confirms the collapse of the well-field system in the Zhou Dynasty, which led to the collapse of Zhou rites. With the collapse of old interests, it is inevitable that Zhou Li will cease to exist. This is also the reason why Wang Mang’s restoration will inevitably fail.
From the Mohist perspective, the first country to establish a morality that adapts to new interests must be the winner in troubled times. He may be right, but it is a pity that the winner is not the Mohist family. Why is this?
This has to bring up the Mohist’s own logic issues. Although it is upper-right ideologically, when it comes to political governance, the most fundamental thing is to emphasize the autocratic monarchy and maintain uniformity from level to level. That is, let the monarch first love and respect the same thing, and then appoint talents, so that the people below can realize the universal love and the same thing step by step. This political theory and ideology are contradictory. The hierarchy-by-level hierarchy essentially denies that everyone can understand the world, emphasizing that the order of understanding the world is first the monarch, then the scholar-bureaucrats, and then others. It quickly became a lower-right knowledge and appeared to be side by side with Confucianism. Its own theory is inconsistent with political commentary, which is also the root cause of its inevitable demise. Everyone who truly believes in Mohist theory will oppose Mohism’s orthodoxy. This kind of pain was probably the root cause of the Mohist talents leaving one after another.
The Tianya Zhigege question at the end of this chapter is: Does the Ming Dynasty have new interest groups? Does it need new morals? Please remember to save it, the latest and fastest website is free to read without anti-theft