After the Confucian scholars Yang Zhu, they naturally became the orthodox Taoists. It's not that orthodox Taoism doesn't stand out, the main reason is that this sect itself is quiet and inactive, so being ranked fourth seems to be consistent with its connotation.
The content of Taoism can also be divided according to the two dimensions of worldview and epistemology. In terms of the world view, the world is infinite. Anyone who thinks that one person can understand the entire world and grasp the truth of the entire world must be a hypocrite. My life has a limit, but my knowledge has no limit. As long as there is no limit, there is no limit, almost already
It is this infinite open worldview that leads to the epistemology that no one can truly understand all aspects of this world. Therefore, for the sake of safety, it is best for everyone to stay in a known small country with few people and stay quiet, so that they will not make mistakes or intensify conflicts. It is obviously epistemologically closed. Contrast personal limited knowledge with incremental knowledge that expands the world. All of a sudden, he degraded to the point where he didn’t trust anyone’s cognitive abilities.
If there are no saints, then how can Lao and Zhuang believe that what they say is the truth? Skeptics cannot doubt their own doubts. This is also the logical contradiction of Taoist knowledge. Thinking about the infinite world, people can only be trapped in a small closed area, how desperate it would be to think about it.
Although I do not believe that everyone has universal cognitive abilities, Taoism is obviously different from other schools of thought.
It advocates returning to the baby, being quiet and doing nothing. Especially since the Warring States Period, the imperial court lost its moral integrity and focused on morality, seeking fish from the trees, which led to a continuous decline until it went astray. The only way is to not respect the virtuous, not to value hard-to-find goods, and not to see what is desirable.
The root of this understanding is that he believes that most big shots are self-righteous and sentimental.
The best thing for a politician to do is to "make his government boring and his people honest." That is to abandon the sage and wisdom, first fool the ruler, and then fool the people. If the superiors do something good, the subordinates will follow suit.
Only when those in power turn themselves into pure-hearted fools can they have the opportunity to make all the people become fools.
As long as those in power value wisdom, the people will naturally become cunning and difficult to manage.
It can be seen from here that the direction of learning is one-way, and the direction of observation is two-way. The king and the people can observe each other, but learning is a one-way channel for the people to learn from the king.
Another surprise here is that Taoists believe that people’s ability to understand the world is quite limited, but their ability to learn from each other is unlimited. The side with more people is always at a learning advantage. This is also the reason why Lao Tzu always attaches great importance to the weak, the best is as good as water, and the yin is negative and the yang is embraced. In the long run, the learning of the powerful minority cannot keep up with that of the weak majority. Even if the powerful party does not become corrupted, it still cannot catch up. The emergence of geniuses is random among all human beings. If the strong side wants to protect the interests of a few people, it will naturally be defeated by the weak side until it collapses and is replaced by a new strong side or other circumstances.
Under such a situation, any ingenuity in the court will inevitably be known to others, or they will rush to imitate and amplify these strategies.The negative effect is that it can't stand the uprising and accelerates its collapse.
So in summary, on the two-dimensional four-quadrant diagram of worldview and epistemology, Taoism should be the upper-right knowledge, or to be more precise, it is the upper-middle right. After all, it is naturally difficult for people to learn, but people can learn it as soon as they learn.
If you apply Taoism in reverse, you will find that as long as you reduce the spread of contact information between people, you can slow down the spread of information between people, and thus prolong the court's scheming to a certain extent. Potency. Of course, any organization that is not quiet and inactive, and advocates saintliness and wisdom is an organization destined to decline, or to collapse. The only difference is the length of time. A monarch who thinks he is smart, a monarch who thinks he is proud or has a trick is just accelerating the decline of the court. The two seemingly contradictory sides accompany each other and always transform each other to achieve each other. This is also the true meaning of the opposite movement.
At the end of this chapter, the first question will naturally be paired with Tianya Zhige’s question: “Can doubters doubt their own doubts? How can they obtain undoubted knowledge? Logically confirmed or Is the knowledge of falsification the truth that meets the same verification conditions?" The second one is "What are the structural classifications of the movement of the counter-revealer's Tao, how to proceed, and how to apply it. For example, Lao Tzu said that marry an ugly wife, how to use the counter-revealer's Tao? Move to concretize this ugly standard."
Originally, the after-class questions here did not need to be so detailed. Unfortunately, Gao Hanwen still felt that the scholars of the Ming Dynasty really had no interest or talent in exploring knowledge and were not direct. I'm afraid many people just dismiss the importance of naming evidence as a matter of fact. After all, after reading the previous article, it is enough to brag and show off. Please remember to collect it, the latest and fastest website is free to read without anti-theft