In addition to the previous big heads, the most special and most attacked school among the pre-Qin scholars, which was quickly submerged, was the famous school.
The biggest difference between famous people and the previous ones is that they are too unfamiliar. Starting from Emperor Xianzong of the Ming Dynasty, imperial examinations were conducted exclusively on Neo-Confucianism. Few people would ponder these ancient knowledge. In fact, Mozi and Yang Zhu are probably blank to most people, let alone famous figures.
The book simply introduces the contents of famous people in detail by character. Otherwise, if we talk about them in general terms, famous people will be destined to remain unknown again.
The first celebrity to appear was the litigator Deng Xi. Even though he is a litigator, he has laid the intellectual foundation of a famous scholar, and this foundation is difficult for many people to match in their lifetime. Even the pre-Qin scholars were no exception.
The most typical case is a corpse recovery case. The fishermen asked for too high a price, while the deceased's family counter-offered too low. Both parties approached Deng Xi for advice. Deng Xi told the fishermen that no one else would pay to salvage the body, but the family of the deceased would definitely pay. Turning around, Deng Xi said to the family of the deceased, no one else will pay to salvage this body, only you will pay to salvage it.
If you don’t understand this passage, then just look at Deng Xi’s conclusion at that time: “According to names and responsible for facts is the ultimate in reality; determining reality according to names is the ultimate in names.” The debate between name and reality is the foundation of celebrity knowledge. Matching name and reality is the pursuit of knowledge by famous scholars.
During the lawsuit, Deng Xi formally applied the two-way logic of accountability based on name and determination of reality based on name to give advice in both directions, because fishing out the corpse for burial is a name, while spending money to fish out the corpse is a reality. For family members, if they don’t spend money to retrieve the body, they won’t be able to retrieve the body for burial, let alone complete their filial piety. This is true in name only. For fishermen, if they don’t fish for corpses, they won’t be able to make money. Not only will they not be able to make money, they will also violate the customs and practices of their local fishermen who work part-time as corpse fishers. This is true in name. If the corpses are not fished out, this fisherman may not be able to continue his business. Because local fishermen do this part-time.
Many people do not understand the key point when it comes to saying that the name is consistent with the reality. If any name is destined to be biased from the moment it is spoken, it is difficult to correspond to the name and reality. Especially after the changes in grammar, writing, and pronunciation in the previous year, the name and reality are often even more irrelevant. Just like the term "the wind, horse and cow are unrelated" used here, its original meaning is that the area is vast and difficult to connect. However, in our Ming Dynasty, the two were unrelated.
In addition to this change, in fact, it is difficult for any one person to name the whole thing. Not even without language changes. Not even saints can. Therefore, it is necessary to match the name and reality to prevent loopholes from being taken advantage of.
The typical one is "benevolence". When Master talks about benevolence, the benevolence you describe in words is always different from the person in your heart, and it is also different from the benevolence that others understand. The most typical target group of Ren does not include the savages outside the city. I am afraid that this one will cause trouble until the end of the Warring States Period.
It is precisely because the reality of benevolence is quite empty and changeable, which has led to the fact that for thousands of years, few imperial courts have implemented benevolence in practice. Paying lip service but not delivering the truth is the majority state.In fact, even now in the Ming Dynasty, it is still unclear whether Ren's target package does not include the reclusive guest mountain people who evaded taxes and went to the mountains and forests. In addition, what should I do if your benevolence is my unkindness? For example, Ahema, the prime minister of the former Emperor Kublai Khan of the Yuan Dynasty, once wanted to divide the land into acres, abolish the land tax, and only collect the land tax, so that everyone in the world can work together. However, he was jointly opposed by the Mongols, Semu people and Han nobles, gentry and powerful families, and eventually died. At present, it seems that some people still support everyone being benevolent, but some people should enjoy more benevolence.
Beyond this, it is even more unclear what kind of benevolence includes, whether it is called benevolence when one is hungry and not to death, or whether one is called benevolence when one is full, or whether one is called benevolence when one is well fed and clothed. I am afraid that in the minds of most scholars, benevolence is called benevolence if one cannot starve to death. Otherwise, if it cannot be achieved, then it would be an unkindness in one's own governance
Finally, benevolence is static or dynamic. Is it called benevolence to achieve something, or to live better than before is called benevolence
This has been the foundation of Confucianism for thousands of years. Once the debate between name and reality is involved, it will immediately be full of loopholes. Of course, the pre-Qin culture was not only Confucianism, but also other cultures such as Mohism and Taoism. Once it was involved in the debate between name and reality, it was also like paper. If there was a slightest movement, it would immediately be riddled with holes. Please remember to collect it, the latest and fastest website is free to read without anti-theft